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Term Dictionary - Mathematics

119 essential math terms with multilingual translations for CSCA exam preparation

119
Total Terms
8
Categories
5
Languages
EN, ZH, TH, VI, ID

function

Basic
Example

Given the function f(x) = 2x + 1, find the value of f(3).

Chinese

函数

已知函数 f(x) = 2x + 1,求 f(3) 的值。

Pinyin

hánshù

derivative

Intermediate
Example

Find the derivative of the function y = x².

Chinese

导数

求函数 y = x² 的导数。

Pinyin

dǎoshù

integral

Intermediate
Example

Calculate the definite integral ∫₀¹ x dx.

Chinese

积分

计算定积分 ∫₀¹ x dx。

Pinyin

jīfēn

quadratic equation

Basic
Example

Solve the equation: x² - 5x + 6 = 0

Chinese

一元二次方程

解方程:x² - 5x + 6 = 0

Pinyin

yīyuán èrcì fāngchéng

perpendicular

Basic
Example

Line AB is perpendicular to line CD.

Chinese

垂直

直线 AB 垂直于直线 CD。

Pinyin

chuízhí

circle

Basic
Example

The formula for the area of a circle: A = πr²

Chinese

求圆的面积公式:A = πr²

Pinyin

yuán

probability

Basic
Example

The probability of getting heads when flipping a coin is 1/2.

Chinese

概率

抛硬币出现正面的概率是 1/2。

Pinyin

gàilǜ

mean / average

Basic
Example

The mean of the sequence 2, 4, 6, 8 is 5.

Chinese

平均数

数列 2, 4, 6, 8 的平均数是 5。

Pinyin

píngjūnshù

slope

Basic
Example

The slope of the line y = 2x + 1 is 2.

Chinese

斜率

直线 y = 2x + 1 的斜率是 2。

Pinyin

xiélǜ

parabola

Basic
Example

The graph of the function y = x² is a parabola.

Chinese

抛物线

函数 y = x² 的图像是一条抛物线。

Pinyin

pāowùxiàn

theorem

Basic
Example

Pythagorean theorem: a² + b² = c²

Chinese

定理

勾股定理:a² + b² = c²

Pinyin

dìnglǐ

variable

Basic
Example

In the equation 2x + 3 = 7, x is the variable.

Chinese

变量

在方程 2x + 3 = 7 中,x 是变量。

Pinyin

biànliàng

coefficient

Basic
Example

In the polynomial 3x² + 2x + 1, 3 is the coefficient of x².

Chinese

系数

在多项式 3x² + 2x + 1 中,3 是 x² 的系数。

Pinyin

xìshù

domain

Basic
Example

The domain of the function f(x) = 1/x is x ≠ 0.

Chinese

定义域

函数 f(x) = 1/x 的定义域是 x ≠ 0。

Pinyin

dìngyìyù

range

Basic
Example

The range of the function f(x) = x² is y ≥ 0.

Chinese

值域

函数 f(x) = x² 的值域是 y ≥ 0。

Pinyin

zhíyù

set

Basic
Example

Which of the following statements about sets is correct?

Chinese

集合

下列关于集合的说法中,正确的是哪一项?

Pinyin

jíhé

inequality

Basic
Example

Solve the inequality: 2x - 3 > 5

Chinese

不等式

解不等式:2x - 3 > 5

Pinyin

bùděngshì

subset

Basic
Example

If A ⊆ B, then A is a subset of B

Chinese

子集

若 A ⊆ B,则 A 是 B 的子集

Pinyin

zǐjí

union

Basic
Example

The set A ∪ B represents the union of A and B

Chinese

并集

集合 A ∪ B 表示 A 与 B 的并集

Pinyin

bìngjí

intersection

Basic
Example

The set A ∩ B represents the intersection of A and B

Chinese

交集

集合 A ∩ B 表示 A 与 B 的交集

Pinyin

jiāojí

complement

Basic
Example

Regarding the complement of set A in universal set U, which statement is incorrect?

Chinese

补集

关于全集 U 中集合 A 的补集,下列说法错误的是?

Pinyin

bǔjí

absolute value

Basic
Example

What is the range of the absolute value function f(x) = |x|?

Chinese

绝对值

绝对值函数 f(x) = |x| 的值域是?

Pinyin

juéduìzhí

monotonicity

Intermediate
Example

Determine the monotonicity of function f(x) = x³ on R

Chinese

单调性

判断函数 f(x) = x³ 在 R 上的单调性

Pinyin

dāndiàoxìng

parity (odd/even function)

Intermediate
Example

Determine the parity of function f(x) = x²

Chinese

奇偶性

判断函数 f(x) = x² 的奇偶性

Pinyin

jīǒuxìng

periodicity

Intermediate
Example

What is the periodicity of the trigonometric function sin(x)?

Chinese

周期性

三角函数 sin(x) 的周期性是什么?

Pinyin

zhōuqīxìng

monotonically increasing

Intermediate
Example

Given that function f(x) is monotonically increasing on interval [1, 5], find the range of a

Chinese

单调递增

已知函数 f(x) 在区间 [1, 5] 上单调递增,求 a 的取值范围

Pinyin

dāndiào dìzēng

monotonically decreasing

Intermediate
Example

Function f(x) = -x² is monotonically decreasing when x > 0

Chinese

单调递减

函数 f(x) = -x² 在 x > 0 时单调递减

Pinyin

dāndiào dìjiǎn

inverse function

Intermediate
Example

If f(x) = 2x + 1, find the inverse function f⁻¹(x)

Chinese

反函数

若 f(x) = 2x + 1,求反函数 f⁻¹(x)

Pinyin

fǎnhánshù

composite function

Intermediate
Example

Let f(x) = x² and g(x) = 2x, find the composite function f(g(x))

Chinese

复合函数

设 f(x) = x² 和 g(x) = 2x,求复合函数 f(g(x))

Pinyin

fùhé hánshù

exponential function

Basic
Example

What is the range of the exponential function f(x) = 2ˣ?

Chinese

指数函数

指数函数 f(x) = 2ˣ 的值域是多少?

Pinyin

zhǐshù hánshù

logarithmic function

Basic
Example

What is the domain of the logarithmic function f(x) = log₂(x)?

Chinese

对数函数

对数函数 f(x) = log₂(x) 的定义域是什么?

Pinyin

duìshù hánshù

trigonometric function

Basic
Example

Which of the following properties of trigonometric functions is correct?

Chinese

三角函数

下列关于三角函数的性质,正确的是?

Pinyin

sānjiǎo hánshù

vector

Basic
Example

What is the magnitude of vector a = (3, 4)?

Chinese

向量

向量 a = (3, 4) 的模长是多少?

Pinyin

xiàngliàng

ellipse

Intermediate
Example

What is the standard equation of an ellipse?

Chinese

椭圆

椭圆的标准方程是什么?

Pinyin

tuǒyuán

hyperbola

Intermediate
Example

What is the equation of the asymptotes of a hyperbola?

Chinese

双曲线

双曲线的渐近线方程是什么?

Pinyin

shuāngqūxiàn

asymptote

Intermediate
Example

Find the asymptotes of function f(x) = 1/x

Chinese

渐近线

求函数 f(x) = 1/x 的渐近线

Pinyin

jiànjìnxiàn

sequence

Basic
Example

What is the general term formula of sequence {aₙ}?

Chinese

数列

数列 {aₙ} 的通项公式是什么?

Pinyin

shùliè

general term formula

Intermediate
Example

Given the sum of the first n terms Sₙ = n², find the general term formula aₙ

Chinese

通项公式

已知数列前 n 项和 Sₙ = n²,求通项公式 aₙ

Pinyin

tōngxiàng gōngshì

arithmetic sequence

Basic
Example

General term formula for arithmetic sequence: aₙ = a₁ + (n-1)d

Chinese

等差数列

等差数列的通项公式:aₙ = a₁ + (n-1)d

Pinyin

děngchā shùliè

geometric sequence

Basic
Example

General term formula for geometric sequence: aₙ = a₁ · qⁿ⁻¹

Chinese

等比数列

等比数列的通项公式:aₙ = a₁ · qⁿ⁻¹

Pinyin

děngbǐ shùliè

matrix

Intermediate
Example

Find the product of matrix A and matrix B

Chinese

矩阵

求矩阵 A 和矩阵 B 的乘积

Pinyin

jǔzhèn

determinant

Intermediate
Example

Calculate the value of the determinant of a matrix

Chinese

行列式

计算矩阵的行列式的值

Pinyin

hánglièshì

limit

Intermediate
Example

Find the limit: lim(x→0) sin(x)/x

Chinese

极限

求极限:lim(x→0) sin(x)/x

Pinyin

jíxiàn

variance

Basic
Example

Calculate the variance of the dataset

Chinese

方差

计算数据集的方差

Pinyin

fāngchā

standard deviation

Basic
Example

Standard deviation equals the square root of variance

Chinese

标准差

标准差等于方差的平方根

Pinyin

biāozhǔnchā

element

Basic
Example

If a is an element of set A, we write a ∈ A.

Chinese

元素

如果 a 是集合 A 的元素,记作 a ∈ A。

Pinyin

yuánsù

empty set

Basic
Example

A set containing no elements is called the empty set, denoted ∅.

Chinese

空集

不含任何元素的集合称为空集,记作 ∅。

Pinyin

kōngjí

universal set

Basic
Example

In a specific problem, the set containing all objects under study is called the universal set, denoted U.

Chinese

全集

在特定问题中,包含所有研究对象的集合称为全集,记作 U。

Pinyin

quánjí

set notation

Basic
Example

Sets can be expressed using roster notation {1, 2, 3} or set-builder notation {x | x > 0}.

Chinese

集合的表示法

集合可以用列举法 {1, 2, 3} 或描述法 {x | x > 0} 表示。

Pinyin

jíhé de biǎoshìfǎ

difference

Basic
Example

The difference of sets A and B is A - B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B}.

Chinese

差集

集合 A 与 B 的差集 A - B = {x | x ∈ A 且 x ∉ B}。

Pinyin

chājí

Venn diagram

Basic
Example

Venn diagrams visually represent relationships between sets.

Chinese

韦恩图

用韦恩图可以直观地表示集合之间的关系。

Pinyin

wéiēntú

quadratic inequality

Intermediate
Example

Solve the quadratic inequality: x² - 5x + 6 > 0

Chinese

一元二次不等式

解一元二次不等式:x² - 5x + 6 > 0

Pinyin

yīyuán èrcì bùděngshì

solution set

Basic
Example

The solution set of inequality x > 3 is {x | x > 3}.

Chinese

解集

不等式 x > 3 的解集是 {x | x > 3}。

Pinyin

jiějí

discriminant

Intermediate
Example

The discriminant of quadratic equation ax² + bx + c = 0 is Δ = b² - 4ac.

Chinese

判别式

二次方程 ax² + bx + c = 0 的判别式是 Δ = b² - 4ac。

Pinyin

pànbiéshì

interval notation

Basic
Example

Open interval (a, b) represents {x | a < x < b}.

Chinese

区间表示法

开区间 (a, b) 表示 {x | a < x < b}。

Pinyin

qūjiān biǎoshìfǎ

rational inequality

Advanced
Example

Solve the rational inequality: (x + 1)/(x - 2) > 0

Chinese

分式不等式

解分式不等式:(x + 1)/(x - 2) > 0

Pinyin

fēnshì bùděngshì

sign chart

Intermediate
Example

A sign chart helps determine where a function is positive or negative.

Chinese

符号表

使用符号表可以确定函数在各区间的正负性。

Pinyin

fúhàobiǎo

critical value

Intermediate
Example

In solving inequalities, critical values are points where the expression equals zero or is undefined.

Chinese

临界值

在解不等式时,临界值是使表达式为零或无定义的点。

Pinyin

línjiè zhí

undefined point

Basic
Example

For function f(x) = 1/x, x = 0 is an undefined point.

Chinese

无定义点

对于函数 f(x) = 1/x,x = 0 是无定义点。

Pinyin

wú dìngyì diǎn

test point method

Intermediate
Example

Use the test point method to determine the sign of inequality in each interval.

Chinese

试点法

用试点法确定不等式各区间的符号。

Pinyin

shìdiǎnfǎ

transitive property

Basic
Example

If a > b and b > c, then a > c (transitive property).

Chinese

传递性

如果 a > b 且 b > c,则 a > c(传递性)。

Pinyin

chuándìxìng

power function

Basic
Example

The general form of a power function is f(x) = xⁿ.

Chinese

幂函数

幂函数的一般形式为 f(x) = xⁿ。

Pinyin

mì hánshù

exponent

Basic
Example

In 2³, 3 is the exponent.

Chinese

指数

在 2³ 中,3 是指数。

Pinyin

zhǐshù

base

Basic
Example

In 2³, 2 is the base.

Chinese

底数

在 2³ 中,2 是底数。

Pinyin

dǐshù

rational exponent

Intermediate
Example

x^(1/2) represents the square root of x (rational exponent).

Chinese

有理指数

x^(1/2) 表示 x 的平方根(有理指数)。

Pinyin

yǒulǐ zhǐshù

radical form

Basic
Example

√x is the radical form of x^(1/2).

Chinese

根式形式

√x 是 x^(1/2) 的根式形式。

Pinyin

gēnshì xíngshì

exponential growth

Basic
Example

Population increases in exponential growth.

Chinese

指数增长

人口以指数增长的方式增加。

Pinyin

zhǐshù zēngzhǎng

exponential decay

Basic
Example

Radioactive substances follow exponential decay.

Chinese

指数衰减

放射性物质遵循指数衰减规律。

Pinyin

zhǐshù shuāijiǎn

natural exponential

Intermediate
Example

The natural exponential function is f(x) = eˣ, where e ≈ 2.718.

Chinese

自然指数

自然指数函数是 f(x) = eˣ,其中 e ≈ 2.718。

Pinyin

zìrán zhǐshù

compound interest

Basic
Example

Compound interest formula: A = P(1 + r)ⁿ

Chinese

复利

复利计算公式:A = P(1 + r)ⁿ

Pinyin

fùlì

natural logarithm

Basic
Example

Natural logarithm has base e, written as ln x.

Chinese

自然对数

自然对数以 e 为底,记作 ln x。

Pinyin

zìrán duìshù

common logarithm

Basic
Example

Common logarithm has base 10, written as log x.

Chinese

常用对数

常用对数以 10 为底,记作 log x。

Pinyin

chángyòng duìshù

logarithmic property

Intermediate
Example

log(ab) = log a + log b (logarithmic property)

Chinese

对数性质

log(ab) = log a + log b(对数性质)

Pinyin

duìshù xìngzhì

change of base formula

Intermediate
Example

Change of base formula: logₐ b = (log b)/(log a)

Chinese

换底公式

换底公式:logₐ b = (log b)/(log a)

Pinyin

huàndǐ gōngshì

sine

Basic
Example

In a right triangle, sin θ = opposite/hypotenuse.

Chinese

正弦

在直角三角形中,sin θ = 对边/斜边。

Pinyin

zhèngxián

cosine

Basic
Example

In a right triangle, cos θ = adjacent/hypotenuse.

Chinese

余弦

在直角三角形中,cos θ = 邻边/斜边。

Pinyin

yúxián

tangent

Basic
Example

In a right triangle, tan θ = opposite/adjacent.

Chinese

正切

在直角三角形中,tan θ = 对边/邻边。

Pinyin

zhèngqiē

unit circle

Basic
Example

The unit circle has radius 1 and is used to define trigonometric functions.

Chinese

单位圆

单位圆的半径为 1,用于定义三角函数。

Pinyin

dānwèi yuán

common difference

Basic
Example

In an arithmetic sequence, the difference between consecutive terms is called the common difference d.

Chinese

公差

等差数列中,相邻两项的差称为公差 d。

Pinyin

gōngchā

arithmetic mean

Intermediate
Example

If a, b, c form an arithmetic sequence, then b is the arithmetic mean of a and c.

Chinese

等差中项

如果 a, b, c 成等差数列,则 b 是 a 和 c 的等差中项。

Pinyin

děngchā zhōngxiàng

nth term formula

Intermediate
Example

The nth term formula for arithmetic sequence: aₙ = a₁ + (n-1)d

Chinese

通项公式

等差数列的通项公式:aₙ = a₁ + (n-1)d

Pinyin

tōngxiàng gōngshì

arithmetic series

Intermediate
Example

Arithmetic series sum formula: Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2

Chinese

等差级数

等差级数求和公式:Sₙ = n(a₁ + aₙ)/2

Pinyin

děngchā jíshù

common ratio

Basic
Example

In a geometric sequence, the ratio between consecutive terms is called the common ratio q.

Chinese

公比

等比数列中,相邻两项的比值称为公比 q。

Pinyin

gōngbǐ

geometric mean

Intermediate
Example

If a, b, c form a geometric sequence, then b² = ac.

Chinese

等比中项

如果 a, b, c 成等比数列,则 b² = ac。

Pinyin

děngbǐ zhōngxiàng

geometric series

Intermediate
Example

Geometric series sum formula: Sₙ = a₁(1 - qⁿ)/(1 - q), where q ≠ 1.

Chinese

等比级数

等比级数求和公式:Sₙ = a₁(1 - qⁿ)/(1 - q),其中 q ≠ 1。

Pinyin

děngbǐ jíshù

infinite geometric series

Advanced
Example

When |q| < 1, infinite geometric series converges to S = a₁/(1 - q).

Chinese

无穷等比级数

当 |q| < 1 时,无穷等比级数收敛于 S = a₁/(1 - q)。

Pinyin

wúqióng děngbǐ jíshù

instantaneous rate of change

Intermediate
Example

The derivative represents the instantaneous rate of change of a function at a point.

Chinese

瞬时变化率

导数表示函数在某一点的瞬时变化率。

Pinyin

shùnshí biànhuàlǜ

tangent line

Basic
Example

The geometric meaning of derivative is the slope of the tangent line at a point on the curve.

Chinese

切线

导数的几何意义是曲线上某点处的切线斜率。

Pinyin

qiēxiàn

slope of tangent

Basic
Example

The derivative of f(x) at x = a equals the slope of the tangent.

Chinese

切线斜率

函数 f(x) 在 x = a 处的导数等于切线斜率。

Pinyin

qiēxiàn xiélǜ

limit definition

Advanced
Example

Limit definition of derivative: f'(x) = lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)]/h

Chinese

极限定义

导数的极限定义:f'(x) = lim(h→0) [f(x+h) - f(x)]/h

Pinyin

jíxiàn dìngyì

critical point

Intermediate
Example

When f'(x) = 0 or f'(x) does not exist, x is a critical point.

Chinese

临界点

当 f'(x) = 0 或 f'(x) 不存在时,x 是临界点。

Pinyin

línjiè diǎn

local maximum

Intermediate
Example

If f(a) ≥ f(x) for all x near a, then f(a) is a local maximum.

Chinese

局部最大值

如果 f(a) ≥ f(x) 对于 a 附近的所有 x 成立,则 f(a) 是局部最大值。

Pinyin

júbù zuìdàzhí

local minimum

Intermediate
Example

If f(a) ≤ f(x) for all x near a, then f(a) is a local minimum.

Chinese

局部最小值

如果 f(a) ≤ f(x) 对于 a 附近的所有 x 成立,则 f(a) 是局部最小值。

Pinyin

júbù zuìxiǎozhí

optimization problem

Advanced
Example

Derivatives can solve many optimization problems, such as finding maximum profit or minimum cost.

Chinese

最优化问题

利用导数可以解决许多最优化问题,如求最大利润或最小成本。

Pinyin

zuìyōuhuà wèntí

linear equation

Basic
Example

Point-slope form of linear equation: y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)

Chinese

直线方程

直线方程的点斜式:y - y₁ = m(x - x₁)

Pinyin

zhíxiàn fāngchéng

radius

Basic
Example

Standard equation of circle: (x - a)² + (y - b)² = r², where r is the radius.

Chinese

半径

圆的标准方程:(x - a)² + (y - b)² = r²,其中 r 是半径。

Pinyin

bànjìng

vertex

Basic
Example

The vertex of parabola y = ax² + bx + c is at (-b/2a, f(-b/2a)).

Chinese

顶点

抛物线 y = ax² + bx + c 的顶点坐标为 (-b/2a, f(-b/2a))。

Pinyin

dǐngdiǎn

focus

Intermediate
Example

An ellipse has two foci satisfying PF₁ + PF₂ = 2a (constant).

Chinese

焦点

椭圆有两个焦点,满足 PF₁ + PF₂ = 2a(常数)。

Pinyin

jiāodiǎn

eccentricity

Intermediate
Example

The eccentricity of ellipse is e = c/a, where 0 < e < 1.

Chinese

离心率

椭圆的离心率 e = c/a,其中 0 < e < 1。

Pinyin

líxīnlǜ

magnitude

Basic
Example

The magnitude of vector a = (x, y) is |a| = √(x² + y²).

Chinese

模长

向量 a = (x, y) 的模长是 |a| = √(x² + y²)。

Pinyin

mócháng

dot product

Intermediate
Example

Dot product of vectors: a · b = |a||b|cos θ

Chinese

点积

向量点积:a · b = |a||b|cos θ

Pinyin

diǎnjī

complex number

Intermediate
Example

General form of complex number: z = a + bi, where i² = -1.

Chinese

复数

复数的一般形式:z = a + bi,其中 i² = -1。

Pinyin

fùshù

real part

Basic
Example

For complex number z = a + bi, a is the real part.

Chinese

实部

对于复数 z = a + bi,a 是实部。

Pinyin

shíbù

imaginary part

Basic
Example

For complex number z = a + bi, b is the imaginary part.

Chinese

虚部

对于复数 z = a + bi,b 是虚部。

Pinyin

xūbù

conjugate

Intermediate
Example

The conjugate of complex number z = a + bi is z̄ = a - bi.

Chinese

共轭复数

复数 z = a + bi 的共轭复数是 z̄ = a - bi。

Pinyin

gòngè fùshù

modulus

Intermediate
Example

The modulus of complex number z = a + bi is |z| = √(a² + b²).

Chinese

复数 z = a + bi 的模是 |z| = √(a² + b²)。

Pinyin

sample space

Basic
Example

The sample space for flipping a coin is S = {heads, tails}.

Chinese

样本空间

抛一枚硬币的样本空间是 S = {正面, 反面}。

Pinyin

yàngběn kōngjiān

event

Basic
Example

In probability theory, an event is a subset of the sample space.

Chinese

事件

在概率论中,事件是样本空间的子集。

Pinyin

shìjiàn

permutation

Intermediate
Example

Permutations of r items from n: P(n,r) = n!/(n-r)!

Chinese

排列

从 n 个不同元素中取 r 个的排列数:P(n,r) = n!/(n-r)!

Pinyin

páiliè

combination

Intermediate
Example

Combinations of r items from n: C(n,r) = n!/[r!(n-r)!]

Chinese

组合

从 n 个不同元素中取 r 个的组合数:C(n,r) = n!/[r!(n-r)!]

Pinyin

zǔhé

factorial

Basic
Example

Factorial of 5: 5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

Chinese

阶乘

5 的阶乘:5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120

Pinyin

jiēchéng

median

Basic
Example

The median of dataset {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} is 5.

Chinese

中位数

数据集 {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} 的中位数是 5。

Pinyin

zhōngwèishù

mode

Basic
Example

The mode of dataset {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} is 2.

Chinese

众数

数据集 {1, 2, 2, 3, 4} 的众数是 2。

Pinyin

zhòngshù

deviation

Basic
Example

Deviation is the difference between a data point and the mean.

Chinese

偏差

偏差是数据点与平均值之间的差异。

Pinyin

piānchā

normal distribution

Intermediate
Example

The normal distribution curve is bell-shaped and symmetric about the mean.

Chinese

正态分布

正态分布的曲线呈钟形,关于均值对称。

Pinyin

zhèngtài fēnbù

bell curve

Basic
Example

The normal distribution graph is a bell curve.

Chinese

钟形曲线

正态分布图呈钟形曲线。

Pinyin

zhōngxíng qūxiàn

random variable

Intermediate
Example

Random variable X represents the outcome of a random experiment.

Chinese

随机变量

随机变量 X 表示随机实验的结果。

Pinyin

suíjī biànliàng

equation

Basic
Example

Solve the equation: 2x + 3 = 7

Chinese

方程

求解方程:2x + 3 = 7

Pinyin

fāngchéng

expression

Basic
Example

Simplify the expression: 2x + 3x = 5x

Chinese

表达式

化简表达式:2x + 3x = 5x

Pinyin

biǎodáshì

Showing 119 of 119 terms

Study Tips

  • Review 10-15 terms per day for better retention
  • Practice writing both Chinese characters and pinyin
  • Use example sentences to understand context
  • Focus on basic terms first before moving to advanced concepts