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Physics Formula Reference

Essential formulas for CSCA exam

Mechanics

NameFormulaUnit
Velocityv = Δx / Δtm/s
Accelerationa = Δv / Δtm/s²
Uniform accelerationv = v₀ + at-
Displacementx = v₀t + ½at²m
Velocity-displacementv² = v₀² + 2ax-
Free fallh = ½gt²m
Newton's 2nd LawF = maN
GravityG = mgN
Frictionf = μNN
Universal gravitationF = Gm₁m₂/r²N
WorkW = Fs cos θJ
Kinetic energyEₖ = ½mv²J
Gravitational PEEₚ = mghJ
PowerP = W/t = FvW
Momentump = mvkg·m/s
ImpulseI = Ft = ΔpN·s
Centripetal accelerationaₙ = v²/r = ω²rm/s²
Centripetal forceFₙ = mv²/rN

Electricity & Magnetism

NameFormulaUnit
Coulomb's LawF = kq₁q₂/r²N
Electric fieldE = F/q = kQ/r²N/C
VoltageU = W/qV
CapacitanceC = Q/UF
Ohm's LawU = IRV
Series resistanceR = R₁ + R₂ + ...Ω
Parallel resistance1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...Ω
Electric powerP = UI = I²R = U²/RW
Joule's LawQ = I²RtJ
EMF equationε = I(R + r)V
Ampere forceF = BILN
Lorentz forceF = qvBN
Magnetic fluxΦ = BS cos θWb
Faraday's Lawε = -ΔΦ/ΔtV

Waves & Optics

NameFormulaUnit
Wave speedv = fλm/s
Period & frequencyT = 1/fs
Snell's Lawn₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂-
Refractive indexn = c/v-
Critical anglesin θc = n₂/n₁-
Lens formula1/f = 1/u + 1/v-
Magnificationm = v/u = h'/h-

Thermodynamics

NameFormulaUnit
HeatQ = mcΔTJ
Ideal gas lawpV = nRT-
Isothermalp₁V₁ = p₂V₂-
IsobaricV₁/T₁ = V₂/T₂-
Isochoricp₁/T₁ = p₂/T₂-
1st LawΔU = Q - WJ
Efficiencyη = W/Q₁ = 1 - Q₂/Q₁-

Modern Physics

NameFormulaUnit
Photon energyE = hf = hc/λJ
Photoelectric effectEₖ = hf - W₀J
de Broglie wavelengthλ = h/p = h/mvm
Mass-energyE = mc²J
Nuclear energyΔE = Δmc²J
Half-lifeN = N₀(1/2)^(t/T)-

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