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基础有机化合物 - Practice Questions (38)

Question 1: 1．如图所示，在光照条件下，将盛有 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 4 }$ 和 $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 的试管倒扣于盛有饱和食盐水的水槽中进行实验，不可能出现的现象...

1．如图所示，在光照条件下，将盛有 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 4 }$ 和 $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 的试管倒扣于盛有饱和食盐水的水槽中进行实验，不可能出现的现象是（ ） ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-001.jpg)

  • A. A. 试管内壁出现油状液滴
  • B. B. 试管内的黄绿色变浅
  • C. C. 试管中液面上升至试管顶部
  • D. D. 试管内出现少量白雾

Answer: C

Solution: A．试管壁出现的油状液滴为二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷、四氯化碳的混合物，不溶于水，为油状液滴，故 A 不符合题意； B．氯气与甲烷反生反应，逐渐被消耗，生成无色物质，黄绿色变浅，故 B 不符合题意； C．反应生成了一氯甲烷为气体，故液面不会上升至试管顶部，故 C 符合题意； D． $\mathrm { CH } _ { 4 }$ 和 $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 发生取代反应，生成 $\mathrm { HCl } , \mathrm { HCl }$ 遇水形成的白色的酸雾，故 D 不符合题意；故选 C。

Question 2: 2 ．下列有关有机物的说法错误的是 ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-002.jpg)

2 ．下列有关有机物的说法错误的是 ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-002.jpg)

  • A. A. 可用饱和 $\mathrm { Na } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液鉴别乙醇、乙酸、乙酸乙酯
  • B. B. 丙烯分子中共平面的原子最多有 7 个
  • C. C. 植物油和天然橡胶均能使溴水褪色
  • D. D. $\mathrm { CCl } _ { 4 }$ 的空间填充模型为

Answer: D

Solution: A．乙醇与 $\mathrm { Na } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液互溶，乙酸反应生成气体，乙酸乙酯不互溶，出现分层现象，因此可以用饱和 $\mathrm { Na } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液鉴别以上三者，A 正确； B．丙烯的结构为 <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11psz3hdw9dh93" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/> ，最多 7 个原子共平面，B 正确； C．植物油和天然橡胶中都含有碳碳双键，都能使溴水褪色，C正确； D．空间填充模型表达分子的空间结构和原子的相对大小， Cl 原子的半径大于 C ，因此正 ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-003.jpg) D 错误 ； 答案选D。

Question 3: 4．某同学进行乙酸乙酯的制备实验：向试管中加入无水乙醇、浓硫酸、乙酸的混合物，按图所示连接装置，用酒精灯小心均匀地加热试管，观察到饱和 $\mathrm { Na } _ { 2 } \mathrm ...

4．某同学进行乙酸乙酯的制备实验：向试管中加入无水乙醇、浓硫酸、乙酸的混合物，按图所示连接装置，用酒精灯小心均匀地加热试管，观察到饱和 $\mathrm { Na } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液上方形成酯层，将试管中乙酸乙酯的粗产品用分液漏斗进行分液得乙酸乙酯。实验操作及装置图中存在的错误有几处？（ ） ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-004.jpg)

  • A. A. 4
  • B. B. 3
  • C. C. 2
  • D. D. 1

Answer: C

Solution: 实验加入药品的顺序是先加入乙醇，然后边振荡边，加入浓硫酸和乙酸，生成物含有挥发的反应物乙醇和乙酸，二者都易溶于水，容易发生倒吸，所以导管不能插入液面以下，故共有 2 处错误，答案选 C。

Question 4: 5 ．＂西气东输＂工程所输送的气体的主要成分是（ ）

5 ．＂西气东输＂工程所输送的气体的主要成分是（ ）

  • A. A. 甲烷
  • B. B. 乙烯
  • C. C. 一氧化碳
  • D. D. 乙炔

Answer: A

Solution: 试题分析：＂西气东输＂工程中的气体是天然气，天然气的主要成分是甲烷，即选项 A 正确。故选 A。 考点：考查化石燃料及其综合利用

Question 5: 6．下列过程中发生的化学反应不属于加成反应的是（

6．下列过程中发生的化学反应不属于加成反应的是（

  • A. A. 用光照射甲烷与氯气的混合气体
  • B. B. 将乙烯通入溴的四氯化碳溶液中
  • C. C. 在镍作催化剂的条件下，乙烯与氢气反应
  • D. D. 一定条件下乙烯与水反应生成乙醇

Answer: A

Solution: A．用光照射甲烷与氯气的混合气体，发生的是取代反应，A 正确； B．乙烯有碳碳双键能与溴发生加成反应，B 错误； C．乙烯有碳碳双键可与氢气加成生成乙烷，C错误； D．一定条件下乙烯可以与水加成生成乙醇，D错误；

Question 6: 7．下列有关化学用语正确的是（ ）

7．下列有关化学用语正确的是（ ）

  • A. A. 含有 18 个中子的氯原子：${ } _ { 17 } ^ { 35 } \mathrm { Cl }$
  • B. B. HF 的电子式： $\mathrm { H } ^ { + } [ : \stackrel { \bullet } { \mathrm { F } } : ] ^ { - }$
  • C. C. 乙酸的分子式： $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { COOH }$
  • D. D. S 原子的结构示意图：（＋16） 1 ／）

Answer: A

Solution: A．氯元素是第 17 号元素，其含有 18 个中子的氯原子表达为 ${ } ^ { 35 } \mathrm { Cl }$ ，A正确； B．HF 是共价化合物，电子式不应表现出阴阳离子的信息，B 错误； C．乙酸分子式应为 $\mathrm { C } _ { 2 } \mathrm { H } _ { 4 } \mathrm { O } _ { 2 }$ ，C 错误； D．S 原子的结构示意图：（＋16）286 ，D 错误； 本题选 A。

Question 7: 8 ．下列叙述正确的是（ ） ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-005.jpg) <img class="imgSvg" id = "m...

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  • A. A. 葡萄糖的实验式： $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$
  • B. B. 异丁烷的球棍模型：
  • C. C. 2－甲基溴苯的结构简式：
  • D. D. 四氯化碳的比例模型：

Answer: A

Solution: A．葡萄糖的分子式为 $\mathrm { C } _ { 6 } \mathrm { H } _ { 12 } \mathrm { O } _ { 6 }$ ，其实验式： $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$ ，故 A 正确； B ． ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-007.jpg) 是正丁烷的球棍模型，故 B 错误； C． <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg id="smiles-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 178 123.83938652028935" style="width: 178.49999999996197px; height: 123.83938652028935px; overflow: visible;"><defs><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="104.99999999997463" y1="75.55960043839771" x2="136.49999999996197" y2="75.55962871301207"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-3" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="85.91461646735897" y1="97.27640350452516" x2="98.51463605658134" y2="75.45257463901183"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-5" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="89.24997551344667" y1="102.83938652028935" x2="104.99999999997463" y2="75.55960043839771"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-7" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="89.25002448651524" y1="48.279786081891686" x2="104.99999999997463" y2="75.55960043839771"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-9" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="57.74997551345936" y1="102.83935824567502" x2="89.24997551344667" y2="102.83938652028935"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-11" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="60.9000193970961" y1="53.949760634736506" x2="86.10001939708594" y2="53.94978325442797"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-13" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="57.75002448652795" y1="48.27975780727736" x2="89.25002448651524" y2="48.279786081891686"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-15" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="89.25002448651524" y1="48.279786081891686" x2="105.00004897304316" y2="21"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-17" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="48.485364135517" y1="75.45252973239693" x2="61.0853445462845" y2="97.27638121760174"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-19" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="42" y1="75.55954388916902" x2="57.74997551345936" y2="102.83935824567502"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk-21" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="42" y1="75.55954388916902" x2="57.75002448652795" y2="48.27975780727736"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mi1n11ptdkw07jwdbnk"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="105.00004897304316" cy="21" r="9.1875" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>
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Question 8: 9．乙基芳樟醇可用于制作各种花香型香精，其结构简式如图所示。下列有关说法错误的是 <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza" src="data:i...

9．乙基芳樟醇可用于制作各种花香型香精，其结构简式如图所示。下列有关说法错误的是 <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,<svg id="smiles-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 302 89.25001836489005" style="width: 302.2384017536291px; height: 89.25001836489005px; overflow: visible;"><defs><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-1" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="238.52159440470965" y1="17.664749894973966" x2="260.34542609768823" y2="30.264764586891687"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-3" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="232.95861213740585" y1="21.000110189404438" x2="260.2384017536291" y2="36.7501285543016"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-5" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="205.67880131522182" y1="36.75009182450012" x2="232.95861213740585" y2="21.000110189404438"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-7" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="189.92878295032466" y1="64.02988144072336" x2="205.67880131522182" y2="36.75009182450012"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-9" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="205.67880131522182" y1="36.75009182450012" x2="221.4287829503175" y2="64.02990264668412"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-11" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="178.39901169899858" y1="21.00007345960296" x2="205.67880131522182" y2="36.75009182450012"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-13" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="151.11920087681455" y1="36.75005509469864" x2="178.39901169899858" y2="21.00007345960296"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-15" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="123.83941126059129" y1="21.00003672980148" x2="151.11920087681455" y2="36.75005509469864"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-17" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="96.45258482630845" y1="30.26465425339447" x2="118.27643348405566" y2="17.664668945317942"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-19" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="96.55960043840727" y1="36.75001836489716" x2="123.83941126059129" y2="21.00003672980148"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-21" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="96.55957923244651" y1="68.25001836489002" x2="96.55960043840727" y2="36.75001836489716"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-23" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="69.27981082218402" y1="21" x2="96.55960043840727" y2="36.75001836489716"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient><linearGradient id="line-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza-25" gradientUnits="userSpaceOnUse" x1="42" y1="36.74998163509568" x2="69.27981082218402" y2="21"><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="20%"></stop><stop stop-color="currentColor" offset="100%"></stop></linearGradient></defs><mask id="text-mask-mi1n11on3pmm3kanxza"><rect x="0" y="0" width="100%" height="100%" fill="white"></rect><circle cx="221.4287829503175" cy="64.02990264668412" r="7.875" fill="black"></circle></mask><style>
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  • A. A. 含有两种官能团
  • B. B. 与 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } = \mathrm { CH } - \mathrm { CH } = \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 }$ 互为同系物
  • C. C. 能发生取代反应和加成反应
  • D. D. 能使溴水褪色

Answer: B

Solution: A．含有碳碳双键和羟基两种官能团，A 正确； B．乙基芳樟醇含有氧原子，与 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } = \mathrm { CH } - \mathrm { CH } = \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 }$ 的分子构成不会只相差 ${ } ^ { n \text { 个 } C H _ { 2 } }$ ，还 有氧原子数量的不同，B 错误； C．羟基可以和钠等发生取代反应，碳碳双键可以和氢气等发生加成反应，C正确； D．碳碳双键可以和溴水发生加成反应，导致溴水褪色，D正确；

Question 9: 10．下列关于乙烯和乙烷比较的说法中，不正确的是

10．下列关于乙烯和乙烷比较的说法中，不正确的是

  • A. A. 乙烯的结构简式为 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 }$ ，乙烷的结构简式为 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 }$
  • B. B. 乙烯无同分异构体，乙烷也无同分异构体
  • C. C. 乙烯分子中含有碳碳双键，乙烷分子中含有碳碳单键，双键不如单键稳定，导致乙烯的性质比乙烷活泼
  • D. D. 乙烯分子中因含有不饱和键，导致乙烯能使酸性 $\mathrm { KMnO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液和溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色

Answer: A

Solution: A．乙烯中碳碳双键官能团不能省略，结构简式应该为： $\mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } = \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 }$ ，故 A 错误； B．乙烯是最简单的烯烃，只有一种结构，无同分异构体，乙烷结构简式为 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 }$ ，无同分异构体，故 B 正确； C．乙烯分子中碳碳双键比乙烷分子中碳碳单键容易断裂，导致乙烯更加不稳定，化学性质比乙烷活泼，故 C 正确； D．乙烯中的碳碳双键不稳定，能被高锰酸钾氧化，故能使高锰酸钾溶液褪色；也能和溴发生加成反应而使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色，故 D 正确。

Question 10: 11．向装有乙醇的烧杯中投入一小块金属钠，下列对该实验现象的描述中正确的是（

11．向装有乙醇的烧杯中投入一小块金属钠，下列对该实验现象的描述中正确的是（

  • A. A. 钠块在乙醇的液面上游动
  • B. B. 钠块熔化成小球
  • C. C. 钠块沉在乙醇液面的下面
  • D. D. 钠块表面剧烈放出气体

Answer: C

Solution: A、由于乙醇的密度比钠小，钠块沉在乙醇液面下，故 A 错误；C 正确；B、钠和乙醇的反应放热很少，不足以将钠融化，故 B 错误；D、钠粒在乙醇中反应，逐渐变小，缓缓产生气泡，在钠的表面产生氢气，故 D 错误。

Question 11: 12．下列关于乙醇的说法中，不正确的是

12．下列关于乙醇的说法中，不正确的是

  • A. A. 官能团为－ OH
  • B. B. 能与稀盐酸反应
  • C. C. 一定条件下能被氧化成乙醛
  • D. D. 一定条件下能与 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { COOH }$ 反应

Answer: B

Solution: A．乙醇的结构为 $\mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { OH }$ ，官能团为羟基（－OH），A 正确； B．乙醇与盐酸不反应，B 错误； C．乙醇在催化氧化条件下（如 $\mathrm { Cu } 、 \mathrm { Ag }$ 作催化剂加热）生成乙醛，C正确； D．乙醇与乙酸在浓硫酸存在下加热可发生酯化反应生成乙酸乙酯，D正确。

Question 12: 13．下列事实中能证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构的是

13．下列事实中能证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构的是

  • A. A. 甲烷性质稳定，通常情况下不与强酸、强碱、氧化剂反应
  • B. B. 甲烷分子中的四个氢原子都能被氯取代
  • C. C. 甲烷的一氯代物只有一种
  • D. D. 甲烷的二氯代物只有一种

Answer: D

Solution: A．甲烷性质稳定是因为 C－H 键键长较短，键能较大，难破坏，所以化学性质稳定。故不能证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构，A项错误； B．甲烷不论何种结构，其分子中的四个氢原子都能被氯取代，故不能证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构，B 项错误； C．如果甲烷是平面结构，其一氯代物也只有一种。故甲烷的一氯代物只有一种，不能证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构，C项错误； D．如果甲烷是平面结构，其二氯代物有两种结构。而甲烷的二氯代物只有一种，可以证明甲烷分子是以碳原子为中心的正四面体结构，D项正确； 答案选D。

Question 13: 14．某气态烃 1 mol 跟 2 mol 溴化氢加成，其加成产物又可被 6 mol 溴单质完全取代，该烃可 能是（ ）

14．某气态烃 1 mol 跟 2 mol 溴化氢加成，其加成产物又可被 6 mol 溴单质完全取代，该烃可 能是（ ）

  • A. A. 丙烯
  • B. B. 1—丁烯
  • C. C. 丙炔
  • D. D. 2一丁炔

Answer: C

Solution: 某气态烃 1 mol 跟 2 mol 溴化氢加成，说明含有两个双键或一个三键，其加成产物又可被 6 mol 溴单质完全取代，说明其中碳原子若饱和，最多可以有 8 个氢原子，则碳原子数目为 3 ，该烃只能是丙炔，故答案为 C 。

Question 14: 15．化学与生活息息相关，下列有关说法正确的是（ ）

15．化学与生活息息相关，下列有关说法正确的是（ ）

  • A. A. 矿物油、液化石油气、植物油主要成分均为烃
  • B. B. 运动饮料属于电解质
  • C. C. 雕花玻璃是用纯碱对玻璃蚀刻制成的
  • D. D. 硫酸可用于制作化肥、农药

Answer: D

Solution: A．植物油属于油脂，是烃的衍生物，不属于烃，故 A 错误； B．饮料是混合物，混合物既不是电解质，也不是非电解质，故 B 错误； C．氢氟酸能与二氧化硅反应，雕花玻璃是用氢氟酸对玻璃刻蚀制成的，故 C 错误； D．化肥中的硫酸钾、硫酸镁等和农药中的硫酸铜等都是以硫酸为原料制备的，故 D 正确；故选D。

Question 15: 16．欲除去下列物质中混入的少量杂质（括号内为杂质），所选试剂错误的是（ ）

16．欲除去下列物质中混入的少量杂质（括号内为杂质），所选试剂错误的是（ ）

  • A. A. $\mathrm { C } _ { 2 } \mathrm { H } _ { 6 } \left( \mathrm { C } _ { 2 } \mathrm { H } _ { 4 } \right)$ ：氢气
  • B. B. 溴苯 $\left( \mathrm { Br } _ { 2 } \right) : \mathrm { NaOH }$ 溶液
  • C. C. $\mathrm { NO } \left( \mathrm { NO } _ { 2 } \right)$ ：水
  • D. D. $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 } \left( \mathrm { SO } _ { 2 } \right)$ ：饱和 $\mathrm { NaHCO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液

Answer: A

Solution: A．乙烯与氢气发生加成反应生成乙烷，反应条件要求较高，且氢气的量不好控制，可能除去了乙烯，引入了氢气杂质，所以除去乙烷中的乙烯，可选择溴水，A 错误； B．溴单质可以和氢氧化钠反应，生成可溶于水的物质，溴苯与氢氧化钠不反应，而且是分层的，所选试剂合理，B正确； C．二氧化氮和水反应生成一氧化氮和硝酸，可除去二氧化氮，所选试剂合理，C正确； D．二氧化碳不与碳酸氢钠反应，二氧化硫与碳酸氢钠反应生成二氧化碳，不引入新的杂质，所选试剂合理，D正确；

Question 16: 17．下列说法正确的是（

17．下列说法正确的是（

  • A. A. 乙醇和乙酸能发生酯化反应，只要一种反应物过量酯化反应就能进行彻底
  • B. B. 把乙烯通入溴水中，溴水立即褪色，这是由于乙烯具有漂白性
  • C. C. 煤的气化和煤的干馏都发生了化学变化，而石油的分馏属于物理变化
  • D. D. 苯不能使酸性高锰酸钾溶液褪色，因此苯不能发生氧化反应

Answer: C

Solution: A．酯化反应是可逆反应，反应不能进行到底，A 项错误； B．乙烯含有不饱和碳碳键，能够和溴水发生加成反应，B 项错误； C．煤的气化是将煤转化为可燃性气体的过程，煤的干馏是将煤隔绝空气加强热使其分解的过程，都是化学变化，而石油的分馏是对石油加热获得不同沸点的烃的过程，是物理变化， C 项正确； D．物质与氧气发生的反应为氧化反应，苯的燃烧也是氧化反应，D项错误； 故答案选C。

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  • A. A. 3 种
  • B. B. 4 种
  • C. C. 5 种
  • D. D. 6 种

Answer: C

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Question 18: 19．鉴别下列各组有机物所选试剂或方法可行的是（）

19．鉴别下列各组有机物所选试剂或方法可行的是（）

  • A. A. 乙烯和乙炔：溴的四氯化碳溶液
  • B. B. 甲苯和二甲苯：酸性 $\mathrm { KMnO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液
  • C. C. 淀粉和蛋白质：碘水
  • D. D. 乙酸和丙酸：碳酸钠溶液

Answer: C

Solution: A．乙烯和乙炔都含有碳碳不饱和键，都能使溴的四氯化碳溶液褪色，A不可行； B．甲苯和二甲苯都能被酸性 $\mathrm { KMnO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液氧化，从而使酸性 $\mathrm { KMnO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液褪色，B 不可行； C．淀粉遇碘水变蓝色，而蛋白质遇碘水无现象，所以可用碘水区分淀粉和蛋白质，C可行； D．乙酸和丙酸都具有酸性，都能与碳酸钠溶液反应并生成二氧化碳气体，D不可行：故选C。

Question 19: 20 ．糖类、油脂、蛋白质是生命体的重要物质，下列说法正确的是（ ）

20 ．糖类、油脂、蛋白质是生命体的重要物质，下列说法正确的是（ ）

  • A. A. 蔗糖水解产物只有葡萄糖
  • B. B. 糖类，油脂，蛋白质都是高分子化合物
  • C. C. 油脂的氢化是加成反应
  • D. D. 淀粉和纤维素互为同分异构体

Answer: C

Solution: A．蔗糖水解产物有葡萄糖和果糖，故 A 错误； B．糖类中的单糖和二糖属于小分子化合物，油脂属于小分子化合物，故 B 错误； C．油脂的氢化是指不饱和脂肪酸甘油酯与氢气加成生成饱和脂肪酸甘油酯的反应，故 C正确； D．淀粉和纤维素中单体的数目不确定，不互为同分异构体，故 D 错误；

Question 20: 21.1 mol 某链烃最多能和 1 molHCl 发生加成反应，生成氯代烷烃 1 mol ，该氯代烷烃能和 $7 \mathrm { molCl } _ { 2 }$ 发生取代反应，生成只含碳元素和...

21.1 mol 某链烃最多能和 1 molHCl 发生加成反应，生成氯代烷烃 1 mol ，该氯代烷烃能和 $7 \mathrm { molCl } _ { 2 }$ 发生取代反应，生成只含碳元素和氯元素的氯代烃。该烃可能是（ ）

  • A. A. 丙烯
  • B. B. 丙炔
  • C. C. 1—丁炔
  • D. D. 1，3一丁二烯

Answer: A

Solution: 1 mol 链烃能和 1 molHCl 加成，可知该链烃分子中含有一个碳碳双键， 1 mol 生成的氯代烷烃和 $7 \mathrm {~mol} { } ^ { \mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 } }$ 发生取代反应，而取代后分子中不含有 H 原子，说明此氯代烷烃中有 7 个 H 原子，则原来的烃分子中有 6 个 H 原子，对照各选项，该烃可能为丙烯（ $\left. \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } = \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \right)$ ，故答案为：A。

Question 21: 22 ．生活中处处有化学。下列叙述正确的是

22 ．生活中处处有化学。下列叙述正确的是

  • A. A. 棉花、麻和蚕丝均为碳水化合物
  • B. B. 明矾溶于水形成的 $\mathrm { Al } ( \mathrm { OH } ) _ { 3 }$ 胶体可用于净水
  • C. C. 2 B 铅笔笔芯成分为二氧化铅
  • D. D. 使用含磷洗涤剂不会造成水体污染

Answer: B

Solution: A．蚕丝的主要成分是蛋白质，棉花和麻的主要成分是纤维素，A 错误； B．明矾溶于水，铝离子水解生成氢氧化铝胶体，可吸附水中的杂质，从而达到净水的目的，B正确； C． 2 B 铅笔笔芯的成分是石墨，C错误； D．使用含磷洗涤剂会造成水体富营养化，D错误； 答案选 B。

Question 22: 23．化学与生产、生活密切相关。下列有关说法正确的是（ ）

23．化学与生产、生活密切相关。下列有关说法正确的是（ ）

  • A. A. 陶瓷、玻璃、水晶均属于硅酸盐产品
  • B. B. 医用葡萄糖注射液可使细菌中的蛋白质变性
  • C. C. 24 K 金首饰的硬度比 18 K 的小，可用＂咬＂的方式区别
  • D. D. CO 有毒，其与血红蛋白结合的能力小于氧气

Answer: C

Solution: A．水晶主要成分是 $\mathrm { SiO } _ { 2 }$ ，是硅元素的氧化物，而不是硅酸盐，A 错误； B．医用葡萄糖注射液不能使细菌中的蛋白质发生变性，B错误； C． 24 K 金首饰的硬度比 18 K 的小，可根据二者硬度的不同，可通过用牙齿去＂咬＂的方式进行区别，C正确； D．CO 有毒，其与血红蛋白结合的能力大于氧气，但离解能力却比氧气弱，D 错误；故合理选项是 C 。

Question 23: 24 ．下列生活用品的主要成分是蛋白质的是（ ）

24 ．下列生活用品的主要成分是蛋白质的是（ ）

  • A. A. 餐巾纸
  • B. B. 玉石筷子
  • C. C. 保鲜膜
  • D. D. 牛皮带

Answer: D

Solution: A 项，餐巾纸的主要成分是各种植物纤维，属于纤维素，故 A 错误；B 项，玉石 筷子的主要成分是含硅、铝等多种元素的矿物，属于无机物，故 B 错误；C 项，保鲜膜的主要成分属于塑料，故 C 错误；D 项，蛋白质主要存在于动物肌肉、皮肤、毛发、蹄角以及许多植物种子里，牛皮带是用牛皮做的，牛皮中主要成分就是蛋白质，故 D 正确。

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  • A. A. 1 mol 该有机化合物最多可以和 5 molNaOH 反应
  • B. B. 该有机化合物容易发生加成、取代、中和反应
  • C. C. 该有机化合物遇 $\mathrm { FeCl } _ { 3 }$ 溶液不变色，但可使酸性 $\mathrm { KMnO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液褪色
  • D. D. 1 mol 该有机化合物与浓溴水反应，最多消耗 ${ } ^ { 2 \mathrm { molBr } _ { 2 } }$

Answer: B

Solution: A．羧基、酯基、酚羟基能与氢氧化钠反应， 1 mol 该有机化合物最多可以和 4 molNaOH 反应，故 A 错误； B．该有机化合物含有碳碳双键、羟基、羧基、酯基，容易发生加成、取代、中和反应，故 B 正确； C．该有机化合物含有酚羟基，遇 $\mathrm { FeCl } _ { 3 }$ 溶液变色，故 C 错误； D．酚羟基邻位、对位与溴发生取代反应，碳碳双键能与溴发生加成反应， 1 mol 该有机化合物与浓溴水反应，最多消耗 $3 \mathrm { molBr } _ { 2 }$ ，故 D 错误； 选B。

Question 25: 27．法国、美国、荷兰的三位科学家因研究＂分子机器的设计与合成＂共同获得诺贝尔化学奖。轮烷是一种分子机器的＂轮子＂，合成轮烷的基本原料有丙烯、戊醇、苯，下列说法不正确的是

27．法国、美国、荷兰的三位科学家因研究＂分子机器的设计与合成＂共同获得诺贝尔化学奖。轮烷是一种分子机器的＂轮子＂，合成轮烷的基本原料有丙烯、戊醇、苯，下列说法不正确的是

  • A. A. 苯与溴水混合会发生取代反应
  • B. B. 丙烯能使溴水褪色
  • C. C. 戊醇与乙醇都含有羟基
  • D. D. 苯与足量氢气在镍催化作用下会发生加成反应生成环己烷

Answer: A

Solution: A．苯与溴水不反应，溴易溶于苯，苯与溴水混合振荡，水层颜色变浅，是因为发生了萃取，在催化条件下，苯可与液溴发生取代反应，故 A 错误； B．丙烯含有碳碳双键，可与溴水发生加成反应，而使溴水褪色，故 B 正确； C．戊醇与乙醇都是饱和烷烃分子中的一个氢原子被羟基 - OH 取代产生的物质，含有的官能团为羟基，属于醇类，故 C 正确； D．苯虽然并不具有碳碳双键，但结构中存在大 $\pi$ 键，在镍作催化剂的条件下也可与 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 }$ 发生加成反应，生成环己烷，故 D 正确； 答案为 A。

Question 26: 28 ．下列描述不能正确地反映事实的是

28 ．下列描述不能正确地反映事实的是

  • A. A. 室温下 ${ } ^ { \mathrm { SiO } _ { 2 } }$ 与碳不发生反应，高温下可生成 $\mathrm { Si } _ { \text {和 } } \mathrm { CO }$
  • B. B. 室温下苯与溴不发生反应，温度升高生成大量溴苯
  • C. C. 通常含硒的化合物有毒性，但微量硒元素有益健康
  • D. D. 某些镇痛类生物碱可用于医疗，但滥用会危害健康

Answer: B

Solution: A．高温下 $\mathrm { SiO } _ { 2 }$ 与碳发生反应生成 Si 和 CO ， A 正确； B．苯的溴代反应需催化剂，仅升温无法生成溴苯，B 错误； C．硒化合物（如硒化氢）多数有毒，但硒是人体必需的微量元素，微量摄入有益健康，过量则有害，C正确； D．镇痛类生物碱的双重作用描述正确，例如吗啡等生物碱可用于镇痛治疗，但滥用会导致成瘾和健康危害，D正确；

Question 27: 29 ．中央电视台的《家有妙招》节目中不少生活小妙招都与化学知识相关。下列生活妙招对应的科学原理不正确的是 | 选 <br> 项 | 生活妙招 | 科学原理 | | :--- | :--- | :-...

29 ．中央电视台的《家有妙招》节目中不少生活小妙招都与化学知识相关。下列生活妙招对应的科学原理不正确的是 | 选 <br> 项 | 生活妙招 | 科学原理 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | 用活性炭除去冰箱中的异味 | 活性炭具有疏松多孔的结构，因而有吸附性 | | B | 蚊虫叮咬涂抹肥皂水减轻瘙痒等症状 | 肥皂水显碱性，可以中和蚊虫叮咬时注入的酸性物质 | | C | 香蕉和苹果放在一起可以催熟 | 熟苹果释放出乙烯气体具有催熟作用 | | D | 用含酶洗衣粉洗涤衣物 | 酶是催化剂，温度越高其去污效果越好 |

  • A. A. A
  • B. B. B
  • C. C. C
  • D. D. D

Answer: D

Solution: A．活性炭具有疏松多孔的结构，故有很强的吸附性，可以吸附冰箱中的异味分子，从而达到去除异味的效果，A正确； B．蚊虫叮咬后，会在人体内注入一种酸性物质，导致皮肤出现瘙痒等症状，肥皂水显碱性，可以中和酸性物质，从而缓解瘙痒，B正确； C．香蕉和苹果放在一起可以催熟，这是因为熟苹果会释放出乙烯气体，乙烯具有催熟作用，可以加速未成熟果实的成熟过程，C正确； D．酶是一种蛋白质，过高的温度会导致蛋白质变性失活，D 错误；

Question 28: 30 ．下列实验操作能达到实验目的的是 | 选项 | 实验操作 | 实验目的 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 通入紫色...

30 ．下列实验操作能达到实验目的的是 | 选项 | 实验操作 | 实验目的 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 通入紫色石蕊试液中 | 检验氯水显酸性及 $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 有漂白性 | | B | 向 Cu 与浓 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { SO } _ { 4 }$ 反应后的试管中加水 | 通过观察溶液颜色确定 $\mathrm { CuSO } _ { 4 }$ 的生成 | | C | 向某溶液中滴加几滴 $\mathrm { K } _ { 3 } \mathrm { Fe } ( \mathrm { CN } ) _ { 6 }$ 溶液 | 检验 $\mathrm { FeCl } _ { 3 }$ 溶液中存在 $\mathrm { Fe } ^ { 2 + }$杂质 | | D | 将乙醇与浓 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { SO } _ { 4 }$ 混合液快速加热至 $140 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$ | 制备乙烯气体 | | :--- | :--- | :--- |

  • A. A. A
  • B. B. B
  • C. C. C
  • D. D. D

Answer: C

Solution: $\mathrm { A } . \mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 通入紫色石蕊试液中，目的是检验氯水显酸性及 $\mathrm { Cl } _ { 2 }$ 与水反应产生的 HClO有漂白性，A项错误； B．浓硫酸加水稀释会放热、因密度关系水加入浓硫酸中会飞溅出酸液，所以应将铜与浓硫酸反应后的混合液沿着试管内壁缓缓注入水中，并不断振荡，观察溶液颜色确定硫酸铜的生成，B 项错误； C．检验 $\mathrm { FeCl } _ { 3 }$ 溶液中存在亚铁离子，可滴加几滴 $\mathrm { K } _ { 3 } \mathrm { Fe } ( \mathrm { CN } ) _ { 6 }$ 溶液，产生蓝色沉淀， $\mathrm { K } _ { 3 } \mathrm { Fe } ( \mathrm { CN } ) _ { 6 }$ 溶液与 $\mathrm { Fe } ^ { 3 + }$ 不反应，C 项正确 ； D．将乙醇与浓 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { SO } _ { 4 }$ 混合液快速加热至 $170 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$ ，制备乙烯气体， $140 ^ { \circ } \mathrm { C }$ 反应会生成乙醚， D 项错误 ； 综上所述答案为C。

Question 29: 31．除去下列物质中含有的少量杂质（括号内为杂质），所用方法不正确的是 | 选项 | 气体（杂质） | 方法 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | $\mathrm { SO...

31．除去下列物质中含有的少量杂质（括号内为杂质），所用方法不正确的是 | 选项 | 气体（杂质） | 方法 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | $\mathrm { SO } _ { 2 }$（HCl） | 通过饱和的 $\mathrm { NaHSO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液 | | B | $\mathrm { C } _ { 2 } \mathrm { H } _ { 6 } \left( \mathrm { C } _ { 2 } \mathrm { H } _ { 4 } \right)$ | 通过酸性高锰酸钾溶液 | | C | CuO（C） | 在空气中灼烧 | | D | $\mathrm { NO } \left( \mathrm { NO } _ { 2 } \right)$ | 依次通过水、浓硫酸 |

  • A. A. A
  • B. B. B
  • C. C. C
  • D. D. D

Answer: B

Solution: A． HCl 能和 $\mathrm { NaHSO } _ { 3 }$ 反应生成 $\mathrm { SO } _ { 2 }$ ，而 $\mathrm { SO } _ { 2 }$ 不溶于饱和 $\mathrm { NaHSO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液，所以可以用饱和 $\mathrm { NaHSO } _ { 3 }$ 溶液除去 $\mathrm { SO } _ { 2 }$ 中的 HCl ，故 A 正确； B．乙烯能被酸性高锰酸钾氧化为 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ ，在乙烷中引入新杂质，故 B 错误； C．碳在空气中灼烧转化为 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ 气体，所以可以用灼烧的方法除去 CuO 中的 C ，故 C 正确； D． $\mathrm { NO } _ { 2 }$ 和水反应生成硝酸和 NO ，再用浓硫酸干燥 NO ，故 D 正确；

Question 30: 32 ．下列说法正确的是

32 ．下列说法正确的是

  • A. A. 硬脂酸丙酯在碱性条件下的水解反应叫皂化反应
  • B. B. 淀粉和纤维素在一定条件下水解均可得到葡萄糖
  • C. C. 鸡蛋清的溶液中加入硫酸铵溶液，可使鸡蛋清凝聚而失去生理活性
  • D. D. 蛋白质是只含有 $\mathrm { C } 、 \mathrm { H } 、 \mathrm { O } 、 \mathrm {~N}$ 四种元素的高分子化合物

Answer: B

Solution: 试题分析：A．硬脂酸甘油酯在碱性条件下的水解反应才叫皂化反应，A 项错误； B．淀粉和纤维素在一定条件下最终水解产物均是葡萄糖，B项正确；C．向鸡蛋清中加入饱和硫酸铵溶液，可以观察到的现象为析出沉淀，说明饱和硫酸铵溶液可使蛋白质的溶解性变小，此过程叫做蛋白质的盐析，盐析是可逆过程，不会使鸡蛋清失去生理活性，C 项错误；D．蛋白质是含有 C、H、O、N、S 等元素的高分子化合物，D 项错误；答案选 B。考点：考查淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质的性质。 $33 . \mathrm { B }$ 【知识点】卤代烃的消去反应、苯酚的弱酸性、物质的分离、提纯 【详解】A．电石与水的反应很剧烈，不利于收集乙炔气体，应用饱和食盐水可以减慢反应速率，有利于收集气体，故 A 错误； B．苯甲酸在水中的溶解度不大，且受温度影响较大，则通过加热溶解、趁热过滤、冷却结晶，过滤、洗涤、干燥提纯苯甲酸，故 B 正确； C．1－溴丁烷与 NaOH 醇溶液共热发生消去反应生成烯烃，但混合溶液中的乙醇也能使酸性高锰酸钾褪色，则不能用酸性高锰酸钾验证，应用溴水验证，故 C 错误； D．浓盐酸具有挥发性，不能确定与苯酚钠反应的是否为 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ ，故 D 错误； 故答案选 B。

Question 31: 33．下表实验中，根据实验目的采取的实验方法正确的是 | 选 <br> 项 | 实验目的 | 实验方法 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | 实验室制乙炔 | 将水通过分液漏...

33．下表实验中，根据实验目的采取的实验方法正确的是 | 选 <br> 项 | 实验目的 | 实验方法 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | A | 实验室制乙炔 | 将水通过分液漏斗加入盛有电石的烧瓶中 | | B | 重结晶法提纯苯甲酸（含少量泥沙、 NaCl ） | 加热溶解、趁热过滤、冷却结晶，过滤 | | C | 证明 1－溴丁烷发生了消去反应 | 将 1 －溴丁烷与 NaOH 醇溶液共热后的物质通入酸性高锰酸钾溶液中 | | D | 证明碳酸的酸性强于苯酚 | 向装有石灰石的简易启普发生器中加入浓盐酸，将产生的气体通入苯酚钠溶液中 |

  • A. A. A
  • B. B. B
  • C. C. C
  • D. D. D

Answer: B

Solution:

Question 32: 34．以下实验操作简便、科学且成功的是（）

34．以下实验操作简便、科学且成功的是（）

  • A. A. 将乙酸和乙醇的混合物注入浓硫酸中制备乙酸乙酯
  • B. B. 将铜丝在酒精灯的外焰上加热变黑后，插入乙醇溶液中铜丝又恢复到原来的红色
  • C. C. 往试管中注入 $2 \mathrm { mLCuSO } _ { 4 }$ 溶液，再滴几滴 NaOH 溶液后，加入乙醛溶液即有红色沉淀产生
  • D. D. 向淀粉溶液中加入稀硫酸加热，一段时间后，再加入银氨溶液检验是否水解

Answer: B

Solution: 试题分析：A、滴加顺序是乙醇、浓硫酸、乙酸，此反应需要加热，但题目中没有说明，实验不成功，故错误；B、发生反应是 $2 \mathrm { Cu } + \mathrm { O } _ { 2 } = 2 \mathrm { CuO } , \mathrm { CuO } + \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { OH } \rightarrow \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CHO } + \mathrm { Cu } + \mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$ ，能够成功，故正确；C、氧化乙醛，此环境是碱性环境，几滴 NaOH 溶液，不能使溶液处于碱性，不能成功，故错误；D、和银氨溶液反应，发生银镜，需要环境是碱性，但题目中没有中和稀硫酸，不能成功，故错误。 考点 ：考查实验设计的评价等知识。

Question 33: 35 ．汽油中异辛烷（ <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11pqgltckr0n046" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,PHN2ZyBpZD...

35 ．汽油中异辛烷（ <img class="imgSvg" id = "mi1n11pqgltckr0n046" src="data:image/svg+xml;base64,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"/> ）的含量越高，抗爆性能越好，下列有 关异辛烷的说法正确的是

  • A. A. 常温常压下为气体
  • B. B. 一氯代物有 4 种
  • C. C. 不能由烯烃加氢制得
  • D. D. 系统命名为 2 ，4，4—三甲基戊烷

Answer: B

Solution: A．由结构简式可知，异辛烷分子是碳原子数大于 4 的烷烃，常温常压下为液体，故 A 错误 ； B．由结构简式可知，异辛烷分子中含有 4 类氢原子，一氯代物有 4 种，故 B 正确； ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-008.jpg) ![](/images/questions/organic-compounds/image-009.jpg) D．由结构简式可知，异辛烷分子中最长碳链含有 5 个碳原子，侧链为 3 个甲基，名称为 2，2，4—三甲基戊烷，故 D 错误；

Question 34: 36 ．糖类、脂肪和蛋白质是维持人体生命活动所必需的三大营养物质．下列说法不正确的是

36 ．糖类、脂肪和蛋白质是维持人体生命活动所必需的三大营养物质．下列说法不正确的是

  • A. A. 当人误食重金属盐类时，可以喝大量的牛奶、蛋清解毒
  • B. B. 淀粉水解的最终产物可与新制的 $\mathrm { Cu } ( \mathrm { OH } ) _ { 2 }$ 反应
  • C. C. 蛋白质溶液中加入饱和硫酸铵溶液后产生的沉淀能重新溶于水
  • D. D. 棉、麻、丝、毛完全燃烧只生成 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ 和 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$

Answer: D

Solution: 试题分析：A．重金属盐能使蛋白质变性，因此当人误食重金属盐类时，可以喝大量的牛奶、蛋清解毒，A 正确；B．淀粉水解的最终产物是葡萄糖，葡萄糖含有醛基，可与新制的 $\mathrm { Cu } ( \mathrm { OH } ) _ { 2 }$ 反应，B正确；C．蛋白质溶液中加入饱和硫酸铵溶液后发生盐析，产生的沉淀能重新溶于水，C 正确；D．棉、麻的主要成分是 C、H、O 三种元素，完全燃烧只生成 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ 和 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$ 。丝、毛主要成分是蛋白质，完全燃烧不只生成 $\mathrm { CO } _ { 2 }$ 和 $\mathrm { H } _ { 2 } \mathrm { O }$ ，D 错误， 答案选D。 考点：考查糖类、脂肪和蛋白质的结构与性质

Question 35: 37．天文学家在太空发现一个长 4630 亿千米的甲醇气团，这一天文发现为揭示＂原始气体如何形成巨大恒星＂提供了有力证据。下列关于醇的说法正确的是

37．天文学家在太空发现一个长 4630 亿千米的甲醇气团，这一天文发现为揭示＂原始气体如何形成巨大恒星＂提供了有力证据。下列关于醇的说法正确的是

  • A. A. 甲醇能发生催化氧化生成甲醛
  • B. B. 所有的醇都能发生消去反应
  • C. C. 所有的醇都符合通式 $\mathrm { C } _ { \mathrm { n } } \mathrm { H } _ { 2 \mathrm { n } + 1 } \mathrm { OH }$
  • D. D. 醇与钠反应比水与钠反应剧烈

Answer: A

Solution: A ．甲醇 $\mathrm { HCH } _ { 2 } \mathrm { OH }$ 能发生催化氧化生成甲醛 $\mathrm { HCHO } , \mathrm { A }$ 正确； B．发生消去反应需要满足条件：与羟基相连的碳的邻位碳上有 H 原子，甲醇就不能发生消去反应，B 错误； C．含有醇羟基的烃的衍生物都可称为醇，若烃基含有碳碳双键不饱和键，则通式可能是 $\mathrm { C } _ { \mathrm { n } } \mathrm { H } _ { 2 \mathrm { n } - 1 } \mathrm { OH }$ ，C 错误 ； D．醇羟基上的 H 比水中的 H 相比较不活泼，水与 Na 反应更剧烈， D 错误；故选 ：A。

Question 36: 38 ．下列说法中不正确的是

38 ．下列说法中不正确的是

  • A. A. 浓硝酸溅在皮肤上，使皮肤呈黄色，是由于浓硝酸与蛋白质发生颜色反应
  • B. B. 检验蔗糖水解产物是否具有还原性，在水解后的溶液中，先加氢氧化钠溶液中和至碱性，再加入新制的氢氧化铜悬浊液，并加热
  • C. C. 检验皂化反应进行程度，取几滴反应液，滴入装有热水的试管中并振荡，若没有油滴浮在液面上，说明油脂已完全反应
  • D. D. 检验淀粉在稀硫酸催化下水解程度的方法是：取适量水解液于试管中，加入少量碘水，若出现蓝色说明没有水解

Answer: D

Solution: A．皮肤组成主要成分是蛋白质，含有苯环的蛋白质遇浓硝酸显黄色，浓硝酸沾到皮肤上能使皮肤变黄，这是由于浓硝酸和蛋白质发生了颜色反应，选项 A 正确； B、蔗糖水解产物中葡萄糖含有醛基，在碱性条件下与氢氧化铜悬浊液反应产生砖红色沉淀，故检验蔗糖水解产物是否具有还原性，在水解后的溶液中，先加氢氧化钠溶液中和至碱性，再加入新制的氢氧化铜悬浊液，并加热，选项 B 正确； C、检验皂化反应进行程度，取几滴反应液，滴入装有热水的试管中并振荡，若没有油滴浮在液面上，说明油脂已完全反应生成甘油和高级脂肪酸盐，溶液不分层，选项C正确； D、检验淀粉在稀硫酸催化下水解程度的方法是 ：取适量水解液于试管中，加入少量碘水，若出现蓝色只能说明淀粉没有水解或是水解不完全，选项 D 错误。 答案选D。

Question 37: 39 ．下列叙述正确的是（ ）

39 ．下列叙述正确的是（ ）

  • A. A. 漂白粉、水玻璃、冰醋酸、聚乙烯都是混合物
  • B. B. 金属氧化物一定是碱性氧化物
  • C. C. 胶体区别于其他分散系的本质特征是胶体粒子直径介于 $1 \sim 100 \mathrm {~nm}$ 之间
  • D. D. 淀粉、油脂和蛋白质都属于天然高分子化合物

Answer: C

Solution: 试题分析：A、冰醋酸是纯醋酸，属于纯净物，故错误；B、氧化铝是两性氧化物，故错误；C、胶体区别于其他分散系的本质特征是胶体粒子直径介于 $1 ~ 100 \mathrm {~nm}$ 之间，大于 100 nm 是浊液，小于 1 nm 为溶液，故正确；D、油脂不是高分子化合物，天然高分子化合物是淀粉、纤维素、蛋白质，故错误。 考点：考查物质的分类、天然高分子化合物等知识。

Question 38: 40．化学与生产、生活和科技密切相关。下列有关说法错误的是（） 《2025年10月31日高中化学作业》

40．化学与生产、生活和科技密切相关。下列有关说法错误的是（） 《2025年10月31日高中化学作业》

  • A. A. 核酸检测是确认病毒类型的有效手段，核酸是高分子化合物
  • B. B. 推广乙醇汽油减少空气污染
  • C. C. 聚氯乙烯用于制作不粘锅的耐热涂层
  • D. D. $\alpha$－丙氨酸 $\left[ \mathrm { CH } _ { 3 } \mathrm { CH } _ { 2 } \left( \mathrm { NH } _ { 2 } \right) \mathrm { COOH } \right]$ 是由天然蛋白质水解得到的，既可以和酸反应，又可以和碱反应

Answer: C

Solution: A．核酸检测是确认病毒类型的有效手段，核酸是高分子化合物，核酸是生物大分子，相对分子质量可以达到上百万， A 项正确； B．乙醇汽油完全燃烧产生二氧化碳和水，可以减少空气污染，B项正确； C．聚氯乙烯不耐高温，不能做不粘锅的表面材料，一般用聚四氟乙烯，C项错误； D．天然蛋白质水解可以得到 $\alpha$－丙氨酸，$\alpha$－丙氨酸含有羧基所以具有酸性且它含有氨基同时具有碱性，所以 $\alpha$－丙氨酸既可以和酸反应，又可以和碱反应，D 项正确； 答案选C。
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基础有机化合物

38 练习题

知识点概述

基础有机化合物涵盖烷烃、烯烃、醇、羧酸等常见类别，重点包括其结构、命名、物理性质及典型反应（如取代、加成、酯化）。在CSCA考试中，相关题目常结合实验装置图或现象描述，考察对反应原理和有机物特性的理解与应用。

题目数量:38

重点内容

  • 1甲烷与卤素的取代反应条件及现象
  • 2常见有机物的结构与官能团识别
  • 3酯化反应的原理、装置及产物分离
  • 4有机实验中的操作要点与错误分析

学习建议

结合反应方程式记忆各类有机物的特性，并通过典型实验图示理解反应装置与操作步骤。

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