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2026년 11월 14일 ~ 15일 시험까지:

화학 공식 참고자료

CSCA 시험 준비를 위한 공식 참고

기본 개념

이름공식단위
물질의 양n=NNAn = \frac{N}{N_A}mol
몰 질량M=mnM = \frac{m}{n}g/mol
아보가드로 상수NA=6.02×1023N_A = 6.02 \times 10^{23}/mol
몰 농도c=nVc = \frac{n}{V}

적용 조건: V is the volume of the solution, not of the solvent; units mol/L

실제 시험 출제 방식
mol/L
몰 부피 (STP)Vm=22.4 L/molV_m = 22.4 \text{ L/mol}

적용 조건: Gases only; the molar volume is 22.4 L/mol at STP (0 °C, 101 kPa) — that value does not carry over to other conditions

실제 시험 출제 방식
L/mol
질량 분율w=msolutemsolution×100%w = \frac{m_{\text{solute}}}{m_{\text{solution}}} \times 100\%

적용 조건: The denominator is the mass of the solution (solute plus solvent), not of the solvent

실제 시험 출제 방식
%
밀도ρ=mV\rho = \frac{m}{V}g/mL
이상 기체 법칙PV=nRTPV = nRT-
희석 공식c1V1=c2V2c_1 V_1 = c_2 V_2

적용 조건: The amount of solute is unchanged by dilution; valid only when diluting, not reacting

실제 시험 출제 방식
-

화학량론

이름공식단위
질량 보존mreactants=mproductsm_{\text{reactants}} = m_{\text{products}}-
기체 밀도 (STP)ρ=M22.4\rho = \frac{M}{22.4}g/L
평균 몰 질량Mˉ=∑niMi∑ni\bar{M} = \frac{\sum n_i M_i}{\sum n_i}g/mol
이론적 수율Yield=actualtheoretical×100%\text{Yield} = \frac{\text{actual}}{\text{theoretical}} \times 100\%%

열화학

이름공식단위
엔탈피 변화ΔH=Hproducts−Hreactants\Delta H = H_{\text{products}} - H_{\text{reactants}}kJ/mol
헤스의 법칙ΔHtotal=ΔH1+ΔH2+⋯\Delta H_{\text{total}} = \Delta H_1 + \Delta H_2 + \cdotskJ/mol
연소열Q=n⋅ΔHcQ = n \cdot \Delta H_ckJ
중화열ΔH≈−57.3 kJ/mol\Delta H \approx -57.3 \text{ kJ/mol}kJ/mol
결합 에너지와 엔탈피ΔH=∑Ebroken−∑Eformed\Delta H = \sum E_{\text{broken}} - \sum E_{\text{formed}}kJ/mol

화학 평형

이름공식단위
평형 상수 (Kc)Kc=[C]c[D]d[A]a[B]bK_c = \frac{[C]^c [D]^d}{[A]^a [B]^b}-
압력 평형 상수 (Kp)Kp=pCc⋅pDdpAa⋅pBbK_p = \frac{p_C^c \cdot p_D^d}{p_A^a \cdot p_B^b}-
반응 지수Q<K⇒forward,  Q>K⇒reverse,  Q=K⇒equilibriumQ < K \Rightarrow \text{forward},\; Q > K \Rightarrow \text{reverse},\; Q = K \Rightarrow \text{equilibrium}-
전환율α=n0−nn0×100%\alpha = \frac{n_0 - n}{n_0} \times 100\%%

화학 반응 속도론

이름공식단위
반응 속도v=ΔcΔtv = \frac{\Delta c}{\Delta t}

적용 조건: An average rate over the interval, always positive; rates quoted for different species are in the ratio of their stoichiometric coefficients

실제 시험 출제 방식
mol/(L*s)
속도 법칙v=k[A]m[B]nv = k[A]^m [B]^n-
아레니우스 방정식k=Ae−Ea/RTk = A e^{-E_a / RT}-
반감기 (1차 반응)t1/2=ln⁡2kt_{1/2} = \frac{\ln 2}{k}s

전기화학

이름공식단위
패러데이 상수F=96500 C/molF = 96500 \text{ C/mol}C/mol
전기분해 질량m=MItnFm = \frac{M I t}{n F}g
전지 기전력E=E+−E−E = E^{+} - E^{-}V
네른스트 방정식E=E∘−RTnFln⁡QE = E^\circ - \frac{RT}{nF} \ln QV

산-염기 평형

이름공식단위
pH 정의pH=−lg⁡[H+]pH = -\lg [H^+]-
pOH 정의pOH=−lg⁡[OH−]pOH = -\lg [OH^-]-
물의 이온곱Kw=[H+][OH−]=10−14K_w = [H^+][OH^-] = 10^{-14}

적용 조건: The ionic product is 1×10⁻¹⁴ at 25 °C; it varies with temperature only — adding acid or base does not change it

실제 시험 출제 방식
-
pH + pOHpH+pOH=14(25∘C)pH + pOH = 14 \quad (25^\circ C)-
산 해리 상수Ka=[H+][A−][HA]K_a = \frac{[H^+][A^-]}{[HA]}-
완충 용액 방정식pH=pKa+lg⁡[A−][HA]pH = pK_a + \lg \frac{[A^-]}{[HA]}-

용해 평형

이름공식단위
용해도곱Ksp=[M+]m[A−]nK_{sp} = [M^+]^m [A^-]^n-
용해도s=Kspns = \sqrt[n]{K_{sp}}mol/L
침전 조건Qsp>Ksp⇒precipitate formsQ_{sp} > K_{sp} \Rightarrow \text{precipitate forms}-

인터랙티브 시뮬레이션

시각적 애니메이션으로 핵심 개념을 깊이 이해하세요

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