Basic Concepts
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Amount of substance | n = N / Nₐ | mol |
| Molar mass | M = m / n | g/mol |
| Avogadro constant | Nₐ = 6.02 × 10²³ | /mol |
| Molar concentration | c = n / V | mol/L |
| Molar volume (STP) | Vₘ = 22.4 L/mol | L/mol |
| Mass fraction | w = m溶质 / m溶液 × 100% | % |
| Density | ρ = m / V | g/mL |
Stoichiometry
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Conservation of mass | m反应物 = m生成物 | - |
| Gas density (STP) | ρ = M / 22.4 | g/L |
| Average molar mass | M̄ = Σ(nᵢMᵢ) / Σnᵢ | g/mol |
| Theoretical yield | 产率 = 实际产量/理论产量 × 100% | % |
Thermochemistry
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Enthalpy change | ΔH = H生成物 - H反应物 | kJ/mol |
| Hess's Law | ΔH总 = ΔH₁ + ΔH₂ + ... | kJ/mol |
| Heat of combustion | Q = nΔHc | kJ |
| Heat of neutralization | ΔH ≈ -57.3 kJ/mol | kJ/mol |
Chemical Equilibrium
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Equilibrium constant | Kc = [C]ᶜ[D]ᵈ / [A]ᵃ[B]ᵇ | - |
| Pressure constant | Kp = pCᶜpDᵈ / pAᵃpBᵇ | - |
| Reaction quotient | Qc vs Kc 判断方向 | - |
| Conversion rate | α = (n₀ - n) / n₀ × 100% | % |
Chemical Kinetics
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Reaction rate | v = Δc / Δt | mol/(L·s) |
| Rate law | v = k[A]ᵐ[B]ⁿ | - |
| Arrhenius equation | k = Ae^(-Ea/RT) | - |
| Half-life (1st order) | t₁/₂ = ln2 / k | s |
Electrochemistry
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Faraday constant | F = 96500 C/mol | C/mol |
| Electrolysis mass | m = MIt / nF | g |
| Cell EMF | E = E⁺ - E⁻ | V |
| Nernst equation | E = E° - (RT/nF)lnQ | V |
Acid-Base Equilibrium
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| pH definition | pH = -lg[H⁺] | - |
| pOH definition | pOH = -lg[OH⁻] | - |
| Ion product of water | Kw = [H⁺][OH⁻] = 10⁻¹⁴ | - |
| pH + pOH | pH + pOH = 14 (25°C) | - |
| Acid dissociation | Ka = [H⁺][A⁻] / [HA] | - |
| Buffer equation | pH = pKa + lg([A⁻]/[HA]) | - |
Solubility Equilibrium
| Name | Formula | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Solubility product | Ksp = [M⁺]ᵐ[A⁻]ⁿ | - |
| Solubility | s = ⁿ√(Ksp) | mol/L |
| Precipitation condition | Qsp > Ksp 则沉淀 | - |